Inside the building, dramatic fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity, coupled with smoke and water damage, threatened to destroy historic ceiling frescoes.
"The damage could have been far worse, but as the building is a concrete-encased steel structure with masonry infill, it withstood most of the shock of the towers falling. Today we would probably say it was over-engineered. Back in the 1920s, the engineers erred on the side of caution."
Stabilising the building was the first priority, Collins says. But it was also essential to restore the telecommunications the building served a significant proportion of the telecommunications network for downtown Manhattan. A fire wall was constructed within the building to allow work to proceed while debris burned outside, and cables were run out windows to provide temporary phone lines. Teams of expert builders, renovators and stonemasons then set to work to restore the building's original look and character.
Rebuilding the 22m-high Art Deco facade of the east entrance, with its bronze lattice panels and decorative carved limestone, was a major challenge. Collins says skilled craftsmen used historic photographs and mouldings taken from the west entrance to recast these decorative elements. Limestone and granite were taken from the same Connecticut quarry as the original materials and sandblasted to give a weathered look.
Frescoes on the barrel vault ceiling in the neo-Romanesque lobby were painstakingly restored by teams of painters and plaster experts.
Collins says he took the opportunity to pursue a more colourful interpretation of the formerly monochromatic decor of the executive offices. Vintage curly maple doors were restored and similar wood used for new office furniture.
"The woodworking on this floor shows an Arts & Crafts influence that is evident throughout the building," says Collins. "The ribbing detail of the barrel vault ceiling is a good example of the decor reflecting the crossover period between the Arts & Crafts and Art Deco movements."
Collins says the 20th-century landmark building is fully equipped with 21st-century technology the refurbishment even includes a new vertical corridor to house telecommunications equipment.
Credit list
Architect
William F Collins, AIA Architects, LLP (New York)
Structural engineering consultant
Severud Associates
Structural field engineering consultant
Joseph Brennan Engineer
Facade and steel restoration contractor
Francis A Lee Exterior
Architectural metalwork
American Architectural
Exterior stone restoration
Petrillo Stone Corp
Interior ornamental metal restoration
Aztec Metal Maintenance
Electrical
Michael Mazzeo Electric Corp; James F Volpe Electrical Contracting Corp
Architectural services
Sugrue Contracting Corp
Construction manager
Tishman Construction
Facade engineering consultant
Merritt Engineering
Lobby surface and mural restoration consultant
Evergreene Painting Studios
Bronze restoration
Excalibur Bronze Sculpture Foundry
Lobby chandelier restoration
Lite Makers
Architectural woodworking
Bauerschmidt & Sons; Midhattan Woodworking Corp
HVAC
ASM Mechanical Systems
Carpentry, drywall and acoustic ceiling
Jacobsen & Company
23 Jun, 2006